Emission Control Systems
High Efficiency Venturi Scrubber
Paramount designed high efficiency venturi scrubbers which is a cost-effective solution making them ideal for Fine Particulate Matter removal over a broad range of industrial and manufacturing applications. “Venturi” type scrubbers fall under the category of wet scrubbers for removal of solid particulate matter from gas streams.
Paramount Limited designs and supplies Venturi type wet scrubbers in two models – Fixed throat venturi wet scrubber and Variable throat venturi wet scrubber.
Venturi scrubbers are employed where the solid sizes are fine wherein the regular cyclone separator becomes inefficient and use of bag filters call for frequent purging to maintain the differential pressure across the bag filter. Venturi type wet scrubbers can also effectively work with sub micron particulate less than 3 microns.
The pressure drops across a venturi type wet scrubbers are normally higher than the conventional dry scrubbers like a cyclone separator or a bag filter. The pressure drop across the system is also a function of separation size of the solid particles. Finer the size for separation, higher is the pressure drop.
The scrubbed liquid with solid particles is normally dewatered to recover the liquid and re-circulated to the practical extent with some fresh air makeup.
If employed with flue gas wherein a scrubber is also present, a part of the scrubber recycle liquid can also be effectively utilized for the Venturi wet scrubber.
The Venturi scrubbers are offered in two models
- Fixed throat used primarily for particulate removal, recommended for exhaust streams containing particles with a defined size distribution and can achieve moderate gas absorption for soluble/reactive gases
- Adjustable/ variable throat ideal for applications with variable exhaust volumes with Adjustable throat size and pressure drop
Fixed throat venturi scrubber is employed in systems wherein the flue gas flow rate is constant and having minimal variations. The constant flow rate enables to maintain a consistent velocity across the venture throat for effective removal of the solid particle. In units wherein the constant flow rate cannot be maintained and the client prefers a fixed throat venture, an adaptable system with clean flue gas recirculation arrangement is also provided to maintain a constant flow and hence a constant velocity across the venturi. Under very low flow conditions, the flow rate in such case will have to be enhanced by bleeding in fresh air to the system.
Variable throat venturi scrubber is employed in systems wherein the flue gas flow rate is variable and the system requires operation in turn down condition for longer durations. The constant velocity across the venture is maintained with the help of a variable throat plummer to vary the cross-sectional area across the throat and hence velocity. The plummer is adjusted with the help of a pneumatic cylinder arrangement and controlled by the differential pressure across the venture.
The material of construction of the Venturi wet scrubbers depends on the solids characteristics and the flue gas condition. It is normally of Stainless steel construction. The variable throat can also be provided in Titanium or Hastelloy materials.
Industrial units are made for capacities up to 425000 m3/hr (250000 acfm).
Typical applications of High Efficiency Venturi scrubbers for Fine particulate removal are:
• Lime Kilns
• Bark and Hog Fuelled Boilers
• Coal Fired Boilers
• Oil Fired Boilers
• Cupolas
• Calciners and Kilns
• Paper Plant Recovery Boiler
• Electric Furnace Emissions
• Coal Dryers
• Scrap Incinerators
• Liquid Waste Incinerators
• Sewage Sludge Incinerators
• Coke Ovens
• Fertilizer Plants
• Municipal Incinerators
• Sintering Plants
• Cement Kilns
• Pathogenic Incinerators
High Efficiency Air Filter – HEAF For sticky and oily particulates, Aerosols and Mists
High Efficiency Air Filtration devices manufactured under the trademark HEAF are used to control emissions from sources where fabric filters cannot be used because they plug up with sticky or viscous particulate materials, where as wet scrubber require excessive energy consumption because of extremely small size distribution of the particulate matter, or where electrostatic precipitators cannot be used, because the particulate matter fouls the collection plates and causes shorting between the electrodes.
HEAF devices are manufactured in four different types. These units are Mini HEAF, the Stationary Drum HEAF, the Flat Bed HEAF and the Rotary Drum HEAF.
The Mini HEAF is used for small air pollution sources and uses a manually changed cartridge filter for the capture of air pollutants. The stationary Drum HEAF is used only for a pressurized gas stream where the fully automatic operation is required. The Flat Bed HEAF uses roll type filters for moderate gas flows and fully automatic in operation. The Rotary Drum HEAF unit is a fully automatic filter used for individual emission control applications up to 210100 m3/hr (125000 acfm) in a single unit.
Paramount offered systems are well-suited to a broad range of industrial applications, including the plasticizer, asphalt saturator, and food processing industries. All of our systems boast extremely high removal efficiencies, often exceeding 99.99%, even for difficult-to-remove emission.
The typical areas of applications of the HEAF units are:
• Asphalt Roofing Manufacture
• Asphalt Pipe Coating
• Plasticizer Emissions
• Meat and Fish Smokehouses
• Fiber Glass Curing Ovens
• Core Bake Ovens
• Polymeric Coating and Curing Ovens
• Vegetable Oil Expellers and Extractors
• Floor Tile Manufacturing
• Scrap Metal Preheaters and Dryers
• Tube and Wire Drawing Emissions
• Plywood Veneer Dryers
• Restaurant Broilers
• Latex Dryers
• Wire Coating and Curing
• Electrode Manufacturing Emissions
• Rubber Vulcanizing and Compounding
• Pouring Foundries
• Phenolic Resin Emissions
• Sulphur Emissions
• Organic Chemical Reactor Discharges
• Nylon Extrusion Emissions
• Heat Treating Smoke
• Commercial Food Frying Operations
• Adhesive Curing Ovens for Tape
• Aluminium Foil Rolling
• Coffee/Cocoa Bean Roasting Emissions
• Peanut Roasting Emissions
• Hardboard Tempering Ovens
• Electroplating Aerosols
• Mobile Asphalt Kettles and Tankers
• Automobile Shredders
• Drop Forge and Forge Press Emissions
• Coal Gasification & Conversion
• Mineral Wool Curing Ovens
Cleanable High Efficiency Air Filter (CHEAF)
Paramount offers unique solutions with a complete line of submicron aerosol removal systems to remove from traditional aerosol and mist elimination applications to the removal of difficult-to-control sticky, oily, or soluble aerosol emissions.
The Cleanable High Efficiency Filtration device manufactured under the trade mark of CHEAF is a wet collector system which uses either a polymeric, metallic or glass fibre filtration mat to remove submicron particulate matter from the exhaust gas streams. For many applications, the CHEAF unit offers substantially reduced energy consumption over that required for a venturi scrubber on the same application. The CHEAF can be used on a most particulate matter which is not sticky or viscous and which does not deposit scale on the fibre mat.
The two different types of CHEAF are the fully cleanable type and the renewable media type. Fully cleanable CHEAF units can be used
- On dust emissions in the mineral and mining industries,
- On inorganic chemicals, dryers and calciners,
- On prill tower emissions in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate and urea.
- For spray dryer emissions in the food products and flavouring industries and
- The perfume manufacturing industries.
Where acidic emissions are encountered, the renewable media CHEAF unit is used. These industries include
- Container glass and plate glass manufacturing
- Furnace grade phosphorous manufacturing
- Galvanizing emissions and several others
Single units of CHEAF can be built to handle gas flows up to 680000 m3/hr (400000 acfm).
The typical areas of applications of the CHEAF units are:
• Phosphoric Acid Mists
• Hydrochloric Acid Mists
• Nitric Acid Mists
• Detergent Manufacturing
• Food and Flavouring Spray Dryers
• Ammonium Nitrate Prilling & Pelletizing
• Compressed Air Filtration
• Urea Prilling and Pelletizing
• Soda Ash Calciners
• Soda and Borosilicate Glass Furnaces
• Vacuum Pump Discharges
• Galvanizing Emissions
• Potassium Chloride Dryers
• Molten Salt Baths
• Electroplating Bath Emissions
• Phosphorus Furnace Emissions
• Process Gas Filtration
Flue Gas Desulphurization Systems (FGD)
Paramount offers world famous and proven patented Sulphur dioxide scrubbing system with 95-99% + sulphur dioxide removal efficiencies. A unique feature worth mentioning is, the system works equally well on low and high inlet sulphur dioxide concentrations. Even with large variations in the inlet sulphur dioxide concentrations to the scrubbing system, the system produces an almost constant outlet sulphur dioxide concentrations. This characteristic of our scrubbing system is due to its operation in the “Concentrated absorption chemical mode”. This system differs substantially from the other sulphur-dioxide removal processes.
The acting chemical in the scrubbing system is sodium sulfite. The concentration of dissolved solids in this system is maintained at a much higher level than other conventional system enabling the system to have low recirculated liquid flow rate to the scrubbing system and more sulphur dioxide capturing capacity per unit volume of scrubbing liquid. This characterizes in the reduction of the recirculation system.
The scrubbing system uses “patented, non-plugging, low differential pressure Horizontal spray-baffle type scrubber Though both horizontal and vertical versions (Disc and Donut Scrubber) are available, we recommend the horizontal unit which provides the greatest ease of operation and maintenance. This system can be combined with Venturi Scrubber if the gas stream has significant particulate matter.
Another unique feature of our scrubbing system is it always operates in an acidic mode. When NaOH is added to the system as a make up reagent, it converts to sodium bisulphite back to sodium sulphite, rather than existing in the scrubbing solution as free sodium hydroxide. The same is true in case soda ash is used in place of NaOH.
Another common problem in conventional scrubbers is calcium scaling in the scrubber. The scaling magnitude is predominant in the alkaline mode of operation as calcium precipitate as calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate causing severe scale formation in the scrubber. This scrubbing system operates on the acidic mode of operation and even dramatic variations in sulphur dioxide concentration cannot take back the system to the alkaline mode of operation thus calcium precipitation is practically avoided in this design of scrubbing system.
Advantages of Paramount design FGD having Horizontal spray baffle scrubber:
- Proven & patented design acquired from Andersen 2000 Inc. U.S.A
- Comprise of maximum number of SO2 scrubbers world wide based on this technology with over 500 installations
- Horizontal configuration ensures ease of operation & maintenance due to reduced heights.
- Gas comes in contact with fresh scrubbing liquid at every stage (unlike other counter-current scrubber) which increase
- Ability to handle high surges of SO2 concentration with less effect on outlet SO levels due to operation in concentrated 2 mode
- Can be designed to achieve even 1 ppm SO2 at outlet for SO2 recovery units
Typical applications of FGD systems are:
• Power Plants
• Utility Boilers
• Diesel Generators
• Oil Fired Industrial Boilers
• Oil fired Incinerators
• Acid Gas Incinerators
• Chemical Plants
• Sulphuric Acid Plants
• Cogeneration Plants
• Zinc /Lead/Copper Smelters
• Molybdenum Ore Roasters
• Barium Sulphate Reduction Kilns
• Strontium Sulphate Reduction Kilns
• CO2 Recovery Plants
Double Alkali Recovery System
Paramount Limited offers a unique process called “Double alkali process” wherein the used/ reacted caustic soda is regenerated with the help of a second alkali media – Lime. This process reduces the operating cost of using make up Caustic soda in scrubbers for where SO2 loads in the flue gas stream are high and a high efficiency in reduction at the outlet to the atmosphere is a required norm wherein the system caustic consumption is high. The regenerated caustic soda is taken back to the scrubber thereby dramatically reducing the fresh caustic soda required.
An extension in the Double alkali process is through air oxidation of the precipitated calcium sulphate to chemical grade gypsum as a value added byproduct. The Double alkali process also eradicates the requirement of treatment of any liquid effluent from the scrubber.
During scrubbing reaction in a FGD, SO2 reacts with sodium sulphite to form bisulphite, which then do not take further part in the chemical reaction. Hence, it needs regeneration or disposal.
In the patented Double Alkali Process, bleed stream (characteristics & quantity depend on flue gas characteristics, total SO2 load, outlet SO2 emissions, etc.) from the scrubber recirculation tank containing sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite and sodium sulphate is reacted with lime under very specific operating conditions like pH, conductivity, mixing, reaction time etc. most conducive for regeneration of caustic. The sodium bisulfite is thus regenerated chemically.
The calcium sulfite, calcium sulphate produced in the reaction are precipitated and withdrawn from the system. The bisulfite is converted back to sulfite. The regenerated liquid is then taken back to the scrubbing system. The regenerated sodium salts mostly offset the need for new sodium salts. Gypsum can be produced as an option. The payback period for this system is generally less than a year.
The unique features of the Double Alkali process are as follow.
• Most proven and widely used process for sulphur di-oxide systems
• Extremely low caustic consumption, almost 10% of stoichiometry or less
• No choking problems in scrubber as clean liquid is used
• No liquid waste is generated
• Eliminates complex liquid treatment facilities
• Solids produced are safe for land fill. Gypsum can be produced as a by-product.
• Saves considerably on operating cost as it is viable for SO2 loads beyond 1tonne per day
• Very low payback period
• Very low water consumption
• Paramount Limited manufactures the entire range of products for gas scrubber plants
Vertical Spray Baffle Scrubber-Disc Donut Scrubber
“Paramount” design Vertical spray baffle Scrubbers are used in gaseous emission control system and Flue gas Desulphurization Systems. The vertical spray baffle scrubbers are often apt if the gaseous stream carries dust and large particulate matter.
Scrubbers with baffles and spray arrangements internally are provided to collect dust where only a low energy system is necessary to achieve adequate emission controls and having typical applications in:
• Incineration Units,
• Calciner off Gas,
• Crushing and Grinding Operations,
• Particulate matter generated by Conveyor Transfer Points,
• Dust and Particulate matter generated by Manufacturing Operations
The Vertical spray baffle or sieve tray type wet scrubber offered by Paramount is called the Disc and donut scrubber. The name “Disc and donut” is because of the appearance of the scrubber due to the typical arrangement of the baffle in the column.
Spray baffle scrubbers are constructed with a minimum of internal surfaces which can act as points for deposition of particulate matter. In addition, all surfaces are fully wetted during operation so as to prevent the formation of wet – dry interface buildups.
Typical design consists of PP/ FRP or rubber line steel vessel column with PP/ FRP/ rubber lined baffles, effluent distributor at the top of the baffle and a mist eliminator at the top of the column.
Vertical spray baffle scrubbers are a single pass for the gas stream. Vertical baffle spray scrubbers have the advantage of being resistant to pluggage, capable of achieving reasonable particulate stripping efficiencies and moderate to the high removal of gaseous pollutants. The solid particulate removal efficiency of approximately 99% can be achieved for particle sizes greater than 10 microns.
The water saturated clean gas pass through a mist eliminator prior to vent to atmosphere.
These scrubbers are available in sizes ranging from 6.4m3/min (200 cfm) up to as large as 850000 m3/hr (500000 cfm).
Odour Control System
Paramount offers Odour control systems using the principles of absorption, adsorption and Chemical Treatment, using either or a combination of the principles to achieve or accomplish odour reduction.
Paramount undertakes design and manufacture of complete chemical treatment systems for removal of Odour from exhaust gases. While in some applications, a packed bed scrubber is used, combined with a chemical; oxidant or adsorbant, to remove the odour causing compounds, in other cases, chemical oxidation is combined with either alkaline or acidic absorption to accomplish complete odour reduction. In the most difficult situations, however, chemical oxidation is combined with both acidic and alkaline absorption to accomplish the necessary odour reduction.
Oxidizing agents normally used include ozone, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hydroxide or soda ash (Sodium carbonate) is used as the alkaline absorber, while Sulphuric acid is normally used as the acidic scrubbing agent. In certain cases, however, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric or acetic acids are also used.
Carbon adsorption systems are also available. Paramount offers activated carbon based adsorpers in both compact arrangements for odour control over storage tanks, small package units, sewerage treatment plants etc and also stand alone models for large volumes of gas that requires treatment
The typical applications wherein Paramount offers Odour control systems are:
• Rendering Plants
• Organic Chemical Production
• Phenolic Emissions
• Sewage Treatment Plants
• Sludge Dryers
• Hydrocarbon Emissions
• Reduced Sulphur Compounds
• Poultry and Egg Production
• Foundry Odours
• Breweries
• Wet Grain Milling and Drying
• Polymerizers
• Animal Feed Plants
• Paint and Varnish Manufacturing
• Leather Tanning
Horizontal Spray Baffle Scrubbers
“Paramount” make Horizontal spray baffle Scrubbers are accrued from the proven and patented designs of Anderson 2000 Inc, USA and are extensively used in Flue gas desulphurization units (FGD). Horizontal baffle scrubbers are high efficiency acid gas scrubbers with acid gas stripping efficiency exceeding 98%.
Horizontal baffle scrubbers are highly recommended for SO2 scrubbing with both high and low concentrations of SO2 and well suited for caustic scrubbing of exhaust gases from Sulphuric acid plants. Despite variations in inlet concentration of the acid gas, the caustic scrubber performance has been very efficient to maintain constant outlet acid gas concentrations in the scrubbed gas.
This is basically achieved due to concentrated absorption chemical mode operation.
The flue gas is passed through a set of underflow and overflow baffles with scrubbing liquid sprayed from the top to maintain a complete shower of causticized scrubbing liquid over the gas stream. The Horizontal Baffle scrubbers can, therefore, be termed as cross current scrubbers.
The liquid collected at the bottom of the scrubber is recycled as scrubbing liquid to utilize the caustic effectively. The saturated spent caustic with sodium salts is periodically bled to avoid solid choking of the packing media. Fresh caustic soda solution is added to maintain the alkalinity of the scrubbing liquid sprayed on top of the column.
A typical design consists of FRP or rubber line steel vessel column with FRP baffles and a mist eliminator at the exit of the scrubber.
Horizontal baffle scrubbers are a single pass for the gas stream. Horizontal baffle scrubbers have the advantage of being resistant to pluggage, capable of achieving reasonable particulate stripping efficiencies and moderate to the high removal of gaseous pollutants. The solid particulate removal efficiency of approximately 99% can be achieved for particle sizes greater than 10 microns.
The water saturated clean gas pass through a mist eliminator prior to vent to atmosphere.
Advantages of Paramount design FGD having Horizontal spray baffle scrubber:
• Proven & patented design of Andersen 2000 Inc. U.S.A
• Comprise of maximum number of SO2 scrubbers world wide based on this technology with over 500 installations
• Horizontal configuration ensures ease of operation & maintenance due to reduced heights
• Gas comes in contact with fresh scrubbing liquid at every stage (unlike other counter-current scrubber) which increase
• Ability to handle high surges of SO2 concentration with less effect on outlet SO levels due to operation in concentrated 2 mode
• Can be designed to achieve even 1 ppm SO2 at outlet for SO2 recovery units
Horizontal spray baffle Scrubbers with baffles and spray arrangements internally are provided to collect dust where only a low energy system is necessary to achieve adequate emission controls. Hence, it is effective in the event with gaseous stream carrying dust and large particulate matter.
These scrubbers are available in sizes ranging from 6.4 m3/min (200 cfm) up to as large as 850000 m3/hr (500000 cfm).
Packed bed Scrubber
“Paramount” design packed bed scrubbing units include counter current, vertical flow packed beds, and cross flow, horizontal scrubbers.
These units are used to absorb gas phase contaminants from an exhaust gas stream. These are normally combined with chemical treatment equipment to not only collect the gas phase contaminants but also convert them into harmless chemical substances which can then be recovered or easily disposed off.
The counter flow scrubbers are normally used for large air pollution control sources, while cross flow scrubbers are used in applications such as laboratory hood exhausts, small electroplating operations, and other emission sources.
A typical design consists of PP/ FRP or rubber line steel vessel column with packed media support bed plate at the bottom, effluent distributor at the top of the media bed and a mist eliminator at the top.
Packed bed towers are a single pass for gas stream and are normally employed wherein there is no solid particulate matter in the acid gas subjected to cleaning. In case of excessive solids in the gas, a venture scrubber is commonly placed before a packed bed scrubber.
The water saturated clean gas pass through a mist eliminator prior to vent to atmosphere.
Paramount provides scrubbers constructed in stainless steel, FRP and rubber lined steel.
A variety of packing materials is used, which include PVC, polyethylene, Teflon, ceramics and several metals.
VOC Treatment System
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emission from effluent generated by various process units (predominantly in Oil refineries, petrochemicals, and pharmaceutical industries) poses a health hazard to the operating staff. Stipulations for health standards and safety are made stringent to tackle this issue in various industries.
Paramount Limited provides solution to control of gaseous VOC emissions from these treatment units. Our product ensures reduction in VOC emission by more than 90% of the emissions at the discharge of the plant.
Paramount Limited provides a solution to control of gaseous VOC emissions from these treatment units. Our product ensures a reduction in VOC emission by more than 90% of the emissions at the discharge of the plant.
Paramount Limited uses the technology of adsorption principle with activated carbon as adsorbents. The technology adopted by us utilizes the three proven design of Andersen 2000 Inc. U.S.A.
Paramount’s system consists of vent take of points from the units with gaseous hydrocarbon laden air drawn through balanced headers to the Adsorbers. The vent volumes and the vent sizes are calculated based on the salient features of the effluent handled in the equipment.
One frequently observed malady in most of the Adsorber plants is the fire in the media and failure of the mitigating units. Adsorption of certain specific hydrocarbon in activated carbon is an exothermic reaction and may gradually increase the bed temperatures and lead to the fire.
Paramount utilizes a forced draft arrangement for the Adsorbers with continuous monitoring of the bed temperatures with monitors placed at strategic and calculated locations. A steam purging arrangement linked with the temperature monitors dislocate the hydrocarbon from the activated carbon and mitigates the further increase in the bed temperature that could otherwise result due to the increase in hydrocarbon with the media. This unique arrangement helps in reducing down time and failure of the vent arrangement in the case of fire hazards.
Other safety features include provision of flame arresters at specific locations that can help in the prevention of the spread of the fire.
For low gas volumes, top mounted compact adsorbers are also designed and supplied by us.
Quench Towers
Paramount Limited designs and constructs Quench Towers which are operated on the principle of maintaining a continuous falling wet film of water with a strategic and tangential spray of cooling water in the tower to maintain the wet water film layer to cool hot gases. Installed before an acid scrubber, the quench towers are designed to cool the gas to the adiabatic saturation temperature.
Quench Towers are recommended where the flue gas stream is hot and requires quick cooling suitable to handled by down stream equipment like a Venturi type wet scrubber or if the relatively hot flue gas containing acid gas requires cooling to the adiabatic saturation temperature prior to treatment in a Wet scrubber. Water is normally used as the quenching media. Recirculation scrubber liquid can also be utilized for quench.
Paramount Limited designed Quench Towers operate on the principle of maintaining a continuous falling wet film of water over the Quench tower with a strategic and tangential spray of cooling water in the tower to maintain the wet water film layer. The spray nozzles also provide an umbrella blanket on the flue gas flowing in the tower to provide complete contact of the flue gas with the water spray to quickly quench the flue gas.
Quench towers are normally supplied in Stainless Steel construction. If required as per process requirement shall be supplied in SMO 254 or Hastelloy.
Entrainment Separators
Entrainment Separators are liquid – gas separators and are normally installed after a Quench Tower or the Venturi type wet scrubber.
Paramount Limited designs, manufactures & installs all type of Entrainment separators.
Entrainment Separators are liquid – gas separators and are normally installed after a Quench Tower or the Venturi type wet scrubber.
The water with washed solids and the gas stream is fed tangentially into the separator. The vanes inside the separator form a centrifugal path wherein the gas is entrained in the liquid with gas flowing upwards. The liquid stream flow by gravity towards the bottom tank placed below the entrainment separator.
Coarse particulate matter of sizes 6micron and above in the liquid stream is also entrained and flow with the separated water stream to the bottom tank placed below the entrainment separator.
• Rendering Plants
• Organic Chemical Production
• Phenolic Emissions
• Sewage Treatment Plants
• Sludge Dryers
• Hydrocarbon Emissions
• Reduced Sulphur Compounds
• Poultry and Egg Production
• Foundry Odours
• Breweries
• Wet Grain Milling and Drying
• Polymerizers
• Animal Feed Plants
• Paint and Varnish Manufacturing
• Leather Tanning
Contact Us At
Address
Paramount Limited, Paramount Complex, Near Natubhai Circle, Race Course, Vadodara, Gujarat - 390007
Phone Number
Vadodara: +91-0265-2397111
+91-0265-6603700
New Delhi: +91-11-26186525, 26186369
Mumbai: +91-22-24078105
Email Address
Vadodara: sales@paramountlimited.com
New Delhi: delhi@paramountlimited.com
Mumbai: mumbai@paramountlimited.com